What is Historical Linguistics?

More than any other subfield of linguistics, historical linguistics seems to get a lot of media coverage. You've probably at one time or another seen a newspaper article talking about how the latest linguistic research has shed new light on some ancient human migration, or on the influence that one culture has exerted over another. Because of this, historical linguistics seems to be the branch of ling that the general public is most familiar with, and (justly, in my opinion) the most fascinated by.
Broadly, historical linguistics seeks to examine two things: the history of human language, from its origins in the distant past up to today, as well as the history of particular languages and language families; and human history itself, through the evidence of past migrations and interactions that has been left in today's languages. When historical ling evidence is combined with evidence from archaeology, cultural anthropology, and genetics, a huge amount of information about the dim recesses of pre-history can be made available to us.
So what do historical linguists study, and what do we do with what we find? Well, we have to start with the processes that universally affect human languages over time:

• Human languages are constantly changing. The mutations that gradually accumulate in human languages can be likened in certain ways to those that accumulate in the DNA of living organisms. The changes are slow and often random (though there are some general patterns), but given enough time they can completely transform the identity of a language.
• Languages are constantly affecting one another. Unless a community is totally isolated from all other humans, its language is going to be affected by the languages of neighboring peoples, and will affect those languages in turn.
• Languages are constantly being replaced. If a community shifts from language A to language B, until no one continues to speak language A, then language A is extinct. However, new languages are always coming into existence. If community X splits into communities Y and Z, and these two communities then become isolated from each other, then eventually language X will become language Y in community Y and language Z in community Z.

We then examine the relationships between languages, of which there are two general types:

• Genetic relationship. Two or more languages are said to be genetically related if they share a common ancestral language. That is, if language X has evolved into languages Y, Z, and W, perhaps due to the original community X separating into isolated communities Y, Z, and W, then languages Y, Z, and W are said to be genetically related, since they share a common ancestor in language X (it's important to remember that once X has become Y, Z, and W in the daughter communities, X has functionally ceased to exist). Note that, though the term genetic is used, no relationship to DNA or molecular genetics is meant to be implied. A group of genetically related languages is known as a language family.
  
• Areal relationship. Two or more languages are said to be in an areal relationship if they have affected each other in any way over time. This includes the transfer of vocabulary, grammatical structures, or sounds between any of the languages, and often implies a history of cultural, governmental, trade, or military influence among the peoples in question. The terms Sprachbund (German: "language union") and linguistic union refer to a group of areally related languages.
• The two relationships are not mutually exclusive; languages that are genetically related may also be areally related, and it often happens that a language shares a genetic relationship with one set of languages and an areal relationship with a different set.

We now have the basic tools to begin analyzing the linguistic data. In the next post, I'll talk about some common features of linguistic change, and we'll take a look at some real-world examples.

Para los que hablen castellano

Como mencioné abajo, hablo español/castellano, así que de vez en cuando haré posts para todos ustedes que sean de latinamérica o cuyos corazones pertenezcan allí. Tentaré de balancear el contenido de este blog entre los dos idiomas, pero ya que uso el inglés más, probablemente resultará que la mayoría del contenido estará en ese idioma.
E forze scriverò qualche post in italiano, quando il desidero mi colpa... sebbene il mio italiano già non è tan buono come era...

Preliminaries

So I guess I'll start off by introducing myself, though the only people who are likely to read this blog are people I already know. My name's Aaron, I'm from San Francisco, California, and I'm currently working on my MA in linguistics at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. I'm a Bahá'í by religion, and did my year of service in La Paz, Bolivia, from July 2006 to July 2007.
As far as linguistics goes, my interests are firmly in the anthropological side. I'm primarily interested in historical linguistics, especially language contact, and in endangered language revitalization, which I plan to make a career of. What I am not interested in is theory, though I have adopted the Functionalist/Cognitive approach over the Formalist/Movement-Based/Chomskyan approach. Seriously, though, I find questions of (psycholinguistic) theory generally tedious and uncompelling, especially compared to my real passion for historical reconstruction, classification, and language contact phenomena. If I could get away with it, I'd be content with merely collecting the data, leaving others to interpret how it contributes to our Theory of Language, but apparently that's unacceptable - at least for a master's student.
Anyway, I know a lot of linguists are irked by the public perception that a linguist is someone who "knows lots of languages", but I in fact pride myself on being a polyglot, since it's made so many aspects of my life (not the least of which my linguistic work) easier. I am a native speaker of English, and speak Spanish at very close to native fluency. In descending order of competence I also speak Italian, German, Arabic, Portuguese, and French. I'm currently learning Navajo, and I'm familiar with Latin, Dutch, and Aymara. I would like to learn Mandarin, Persian, and Quechua as well.
I intend for this blog to focus mostly on linguistics, but I'll have commentary on history, current events, religion, and other topics as well. I'll try to update it at least once a week, maybe twice, so check back if you're at all interested in anything I end up rambling on about. Finally, I'm also an amateur SF (speculative fiction) writer, so if you like soft science fiction, historical fiction, and alternate history fiction, I'll have some of my shorter work on here at some point too.

Chicken

First post, dedicated to everyone's favorite movement-based grammar villain, Da Feature Chicken. Hop some affixes for his stamp of approval.